Definition and Examples of Irregular Verbs

Definition and Examples of Irregular Verbs In English language, an unpredictable action word is aâ verb that doesn't adhere to the standard principles for action word structures. Otherwise called a solid action word. Action words in English are unpredictable on the off chance that they dont have theâ conventional - ed finishing, (for example, asked or finished) in the past tense as well as past participle structures. Appear differently in relation to Regular Verb. As per the Longman Student Grammar (2002), the nine most commonâ lexical verbsâ in English are all irregular:â say, get, go, know, think, see, make, come, andâ take. Elocution I-REG-u-lur action word Activities Exercise in Using the Correct Forms of Irregular VerbsPractice in Using the Past Forms of Regular and Irregular VerbsProofreading for Tense Errors Models and Observations The scaffold they manufactured acquired traffic both directions.Water slopping from the cans solidified on the feet as it fell.(Sheila Watson, Deep Hollow Creek. McClelland Stewart, 1992)The shoes the slaves purchased by and large expense somewhere in the range of $1.50 and $2.00.(Ted Ownby, American Dreams in Mississippi. College of North Carolina Press, 1999)He said Roadmap Jenkins got the great circles since he knew the yardage and read the break better than anybody else.(Bo Links, Riverbank Tweed and Roadmap Jenkins. Simon Schuster, 2001)Hearts were bests. I stood, and made three to his nothing. I managed; he asked; I gave him one, and made three more.(George H. Devol, Forty Years a Gambler on the Mississippi, 1887)It was valid, thought Miss Taylor, that the youthful medical attendants were less cheerful since Sister Burstead had assumed control over the ward.(Muriel Spark, Memento Mori, 1959) 180 Cussed Exceptions From the start sporadic action words would appear to have no motivation to live. For what reason should language have structures that are simply cussed special cases to a rule?..Irregular structures are simply words. On the off chance that our language staff has a talent for retaining words, it ought to have no hindrances about remembering past-tense structures simultaneously. These are the action words we call unpredictable, and they are a minor 180 increases to a psychological dictionary that as of now numbers during the tens or many thousands. (Steven Pinker, Words and Rules. Essential, 1999) The Origin of Irregular Verbs [I]rregular action words . . . get from the Old English time frame. Around then they were called solid and powerless action words individually. Solid action words framed their past tense and past participle with an ablaut or vowel degree (a methods for stamping various elements of a word by fluctuating the vowel sound in its base). Feeble action words shaped their past tense and past participle with an inflectional postfix, that is, a {-d} or {-t} addition. With the loss of emphases during the Middle English time frame, every single new action word took on the frail action word development with a {-ed} or {-t} in past structures. This frail arrangement before long turned into the standard for what we currently allude to as English customary action words; solid action words became unpredictable verbs(Bernard ODwyer, Modern English Structures, second ed. Broadview Press, 2006)modern English there are generally a large portion of that number, in classes which cover and have freak inward gatherings, and moreover, various feeble action words have joined the class of unpredictable action words. The Comprehensive Grammar of English (1985) presents seven classes of unpredictable action words, five of them with subgroups. The absolute participation of the advanced unpredictable action word framework is an issue of measures, contingent upon whether you incorporate I) action words which are conjugated both routinely and unpredictably ii) action words which are prefixed or aggravated types of monomorphemic unpredictable action words iii) action words which fall into the classification of antiquated or obsolete English To give most extreme assistance and to abstain from prejudging such issues-the Comprehensive Grammar (QGLS) presents a rundown of 267 sporadic action words, however it therapists to around 150 on the off chance that you apply each of the three models just referenced. (Pam Peters, American and British Influence in Australian Verb Morphology. Making and Using English Language Corpora, ed. by Udo Fries et al. Rodopi, 1994) The Future of Irregular Verbs Do sporadic action words have a future? From the start, the possibilities don't appear to be acceptable. Early English had more than twice the same number of unpredictable action words as we do today. As a portion of the action words turned out to be less normal, as cut clove, stand dwelling place, and geld-gelt, youngsters neglected to retain their sporadic structures and applied the - ed rule rather (similarly as today kids are adept to state winded and speaked). The sporadic structures were destined for these childrens youngsters and for every single ensuing age (however a portion of the dead irregulars have left trinkets among the English descriptors, as cloven, separated, shod, plated, and pent).Not just is the unpredictable class losing individuals by migration, it isn't increasing new ones by movement. At the point when new action words enter English by means of sound to word imitation (to ding, to ping), borrowings from different dialects (criticize and capitulate from Latin) , and transformations from things (fly out), the normal guideline has first dibs on them. The language winds up with dinged, pinged, criticized, capitulated, and flied out, not darn, ache, derode, succame, or flew out. Be that as it may, a significant number of the irregulars can rest safely, for they have two things on their side. One is their sheer recurrence in the language. The ten commonest action words in English (be, have, do, say, make, go, take, come, see, and get) are generally sporadic, and about 70% of the time we utilize an action word, it is an unpredictable action word. What's more, kids have a wondrous limit with respect to retaining words; they get another one at regular intervals, aggregating 60,000 by secondary school. Eighty irregulars are normal enough that kids use them before they figure out how to peruse, and I anticipate they will remain in the language uncertainly. (Steven Pinker, cited by Lewis Burke Frumkes in Favorite Words of Famous People. Marion Street Press, 2011) A New Strong Verb in English The magazine Ozwords distributed by the Australian National Dictionary Center has affirmed something that Ive suspected for quite a while snuck as the past tense of sneak is currently more normal than sneaked. . . . It is in every case uplifting news to know about an effective new solid action word in English!..Fewer than 60 of the first 350 in number action words remain-and even this modest number incorporates numerous fairly dodgy ones like skim/glode, implore/besaught, cut/parted/cloven, bring forth/sired/sired, scold/chid/chidden, kill/slew/killed and destroy/destroyed/stricken. Barely part of a Modern English speakers dynamic jargon! So you can see that another solid action word like sneak/snuck is a reason for festivity that is, in the event that you are stressed over the termination of structures like skim/glode. (Kate Burridge, Gift of the Gob: Morsels of English Language History. HarperCollins Australia, 2011) The Lighter Side of Irregular Verbs A kid who swims may state he swum, Yet, milk is skimmed and sometimes skum, Furthermore, nails you trim; they are not trum.â At the point when words you express, these words are verbally expressed, In any case, a nose is changed and cant be twoken. Furthermore, what you look for is only from time to time soken. On the off chance that we overlook, at that point weve overlooked, Yet, things we wet are never wotten, Furthermore, houses let can't be lotten. The things one sells are constantly sold, Yet, mist dissipated are not dispold, Furthermore, what you smell is never smold. At the point when youthful, a top you oft observed spun, Be that as it may, did you see a smile ever grun, Or on the other hand a potato conveniently skun? (mysterious, Variable Verbs or Verbs Is Funny) Additionally See Prologue to Irregular VerbsPrincipal Parts of Irregular VerbsWhats the Difference Between a Weak Verb and a Strong Verb?

When to Hyphenate - Proofeds Academic Writing Tips Blog

When to Hyphenate - Proofeds Academic Writing Tips Blog When to Hyphenate Hyphenation is a term for connecting two words with a hyphen to make a compound word. In this unique circumstance, compound just methods two separate words have been combined. Compound Adjectives Compound descriptors are shaped by joining two words (e.g., gorgeous, eager for power or clumsy). Further models include: Unfenced Low maintenance Long haul Notable Compound descriptors can be made out of multiple words, making them increasingly like expressions: Facetious Cheerful Flippant Compound descriptive words like these should possibly be hyphenated in the event that they show up before what they are depicting in a sentence. For instance, the compound modifier in The notable craftsman Whistler†¦ could likewise be utilized without a hyphen later in the sentence: e.g., The craftsman Whistler was well known†¦ Compound Nouns and Verbs It is progressively hard to tell when to hyphenate things and action words. Much of the time, it is just an issue of show (e.g., relative). The best activity with these terms is check a word reference. In the event that you discover a term where the hyphen is discretionary, your principle rule ought to be consistency. Numerous words that start with the prefixes non-, pre-, de-or re-are hyphenated, yet this is just important when it forestalls a letter conflict. For instance, we hyphenate reconsider on the grounds that assess begins with a similar letter that goes before it. In any case, we don't hyphenate retry in light of the fact that there is no letter conflict. This isnt in every case valid, however it is a decent general guideline (and you can generally check a word reference if youre not secure with a word). Hyphenating for Clarity Now and again, we likewise utilize a hyphen to guarantee lucidity. Overlooking a hyphen can even change the significance of certain sentences. For instance: I once observed a man-eating crocodile. I once observed a man eating crocodile. The main sentence here portrays a crocodile as man-eating (i.e., a crocodile that eats people). The second, non-hyphenated sentence depicts a man eating crocodile meat. Rules about which words ought to be hyphenated can very between foundations, however, so make certain to twofold check your style manage. In the event that you might want to have your paper checked for style, language structure and arranging mistakes, utilize Proofed’s expert scholastic editing administration.

Essential Items for Travelling

Essential Items for Travelling Essential Items for Travelling Home›Tips for Students›Essential Items for Travelling Tips for StudentsSummertime is ahead. It is ideal time for travelling to the end of the world. Nowadays travelers carry with them dozens of gadgets. If you open a bag, there you will find dozens of computers, digital cameras, battery chargers, hotspots, not to mention the cables that join all those devices. They are all important, but QualityCustomEssays.com wants to emphasize the importance of some non-tech items that can be more valuable for a traveler. So, here they are:A knife, especially a good one is invaluable on the road. You can either cut food, open wine or clip nails. Choose Swiss Army knives like this.If you are disconnected from PayPal, cash becomes more valuable than the quantity of bills. For such situations a secret wallet would be of great help. There are wallets which are designed to fool, like the Belt Bank.Ear plugs are essential if you have a snoring travel mate beside and y our white noise app left at home. Soft silicon is warmed and molded to your ear filling all the free spaces. This is also the best remedy for cutting down jet noise during a flight or the sound of the ukulele, oh, by the way, the ukulele! It is the next point of our chart of necessary things needed for travelling.Ukulele is the happiest musical instrument. It is always the source of entertainment, especially if you can’t play it!! Moreover, it is easy to carry and cheap enough not to worry about it too much during your trip.Hans Christian Andersen once said: “To travel is to live”. If you are young and hungry for knowledge and willing to become better, you should use every possibility to travel. Life is too short to spend it just on grinding. That is the reason why QualityCustomEssays.com exists. Our highly qualified writers are ready to do even the most difficult tasks on academic writing for you so that you have the possibility to live. So you are welcome!

The History of Google and How It Was Invented

Search engines, or internet portals, have been around since the early days of the internet. But it was Google,  a relative latecomer, that would go on to become the premier destination for finding just about anything on the World Wide Web. Definition of a Search Engine A search engine is a program that searches the internet and finds webpages for you based on the keywords that you submit. There are several parts to a search engine, including: Search engine software, such as boolean operators, search fields, and display formatSpider or crawler software that reads web pagesA databaseAlgorithms that rank results for relevancy Inspiration Behind the Name The very popular search engine called Google was invented by computer scientists  Larry Page and Sergey Brin.  The site was named after a googol—the name for the number 1 followed by 100 zeros—found in the book Mathematics and the Imagination by Edward Kasner and James Newman. To the sites founders, the name represents the immense amount of information that a search engine has to sift through. Backrub, PageRank, and Delivering Search Results In 1995, Page and Brin met at Stanford University while they were  graduate students in computer science. By January 1996, the pair began collaborating on writing a program for a search engine dubbed Backrub, named after its ability to do backlink analysis. The project resulted in a widely popular  research paper titled The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine. The search engine was unique in that it used a technology they developed called  PageRank, which  determined a websites relevance by taking into account  the number of pages, along with the importance of the pages, that linked back to the original site. At the time, search engines ranked results based on how often a search term appeared on a webpage. Next, fueled by the rave reviews that Backrub received, Page and Brin began working on developing Google. It was very much a shoestring project at the time. Operating out of their dorm rooms, the pair built a server network using cheap, used, and borrowed personal computers. They even maxed out their credit cards buying terabytes of disks at discount prices. They first tried to license their search engine technology but failed to find anyone that wanted their product at an early stage of development. Page and Brin then decided to keep Google and seek more financing, improve the product, and take it to the public themselves when they had a polished product. Initial Funding The strategy worked, and after more development, the Google search engine eventually turned into  a hot commodity. Sun Microsystems co-founder  Andy Bechtolsheim was so impressed that after a quick demo of Google, he told the pair, Instead of us discussing all the details, why dont I just write you a check? Bechtolsheims check was for $100,000 and was made out to Google Inc., despite the fact that Google as a legal entity did not exist yet. That next step didnt take long, however. Page and Brin incorporated on September 4, 1998. The check also enabled them to raise $900,000 more for their initial round of funding. Other angel investors included Amazon.com founder Jeff Bezos.   With sufficient funds, Google Inc. opened its first office in  Menlo Park, California.  Google.com, a beta (test status) search engine, was launched and answered 10,000 search queries every day.  On September 21, 1999, Google officially removed the beta from its title. Rise to Prominence   In 2001, Google filed for and received a patent for its PageRank technology that listed Larry Page as the inventor. By then, the company had relocated to a larger space in nearby Palo Alto. After the company finally went public, there were concerns that the one-time startups rapid growth would change the company culture, which was based on the company motto, Do No Evil. The pledge reflected a commitment by the founders and all employees to carry out their work with objectivity and without conflicts of interest and bias. To ensure the company stayed true to its core values, the position of chief culture officer was established. During the period of rapid growth, the company introduced a variety of products, including Gmail, Google Docs, Google Drive, Google Voice, and a web browser called Chrome. It also acquired streaming video platform YouTube and Blogger.com. More recently, there have been forays into different sectors. Some examples are Nexus (smartphones), Android (mobile operating system), Pixel (mobile computer hardware), a smart speaker (Google Home), broadband (Google Fi), Chromebooks, (laptops), Stadia (gaming), self-driving cars, and numerous other ventures.  Advertising revenue generated by search requests remains its biggest earnings driver, however. In 2015, Google underwent a restructuring of divisions and personnel under the conglomerate name Alphabet. Sergey Brin became president of the newly formed parent company, while Larry Page is the CEO. His position at Google was filled with the promotion of  Sundar Pichai. Collectively, Alphabet and its subsidiaries consistently rank among the top 10 most valuable companies in the world.  Its often also cited among the most influential and admired companies, as well.

Business Ethics Essay (grapes - 460 Words

Business Ethics Essay nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Business ethics are a moral code that people conducting any sort of business should feel honorably obligated to follow. People are definitely morally responsible to follow a code of ethics and should never cheat each other. Parts of this code of ethics should be honesty, integrity, fidelity, charity, responsibility, and self-discipline. Those ethics should apply both to a person buying something, and a person selling something. I don’t believe that a person should be forced to follow the caveat emptor policy, on the basis that it is unfair and unjust both to the buyer and seller. If you are an ethical person, you should not have to warn people to beware.†¦show more content†¦For example, they used to coerce women into liking specific cars, so the husband would have to feel ‘forced’ to buy the car to impress their girlfriends/wives. Another example is how the car dealer used to put lousy parts into the cars and sell them, knowing t hat the car would break down 5 miles down the road. He took advantage of the people’s necessity to get out of Oklahoma for his own personal gain. Also, the buyer has a certain responsibility too. They need to make sure to not completely trust the seller, because not everyone is ethical. They should examine the goods carefully, ask educated questions, and read up on the topic before going ahead and buying something. For example, in The Grapes of Wrath, the car dealer was able to take more advantage of the people because he can see the raw need on their faces, and how they didn’t really ask anything to make him give them a better deal. Therefore, the people didn’t do their part of being ethical buyers to get the best and most honest deal. The advertiser also has a big responsibility too, to be honest in the ads. For example, in The Grapes of Wrath, the car dealership advertised a nice car at a very cheap price, but they never sold that car. They lied to the people who wanted to buy that car, saying that it had just been sold. They took advantage of the people’sShow MoreRelatedArtificial Intelligence1237 Words   |  5 Pagesbest thing. But, will it? There are many concerns that arise with the implementation of artificial intelligence within society. This essay will present the arguments for and against, artificial intelligence development and introduction, within society. 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Literary Device Essay Free Essays

Bianca Lynch Literary device essay In the novel At First Sight by Nicholas Sparks He uses mood to help you understand the main character, this also helps you to empathize with his problems and correlate to how they may feel. Another literary device he uses to help you connect to the novel is imagery; he paints an elaborated picture of the town Jeremy Marsh now lives in with his new wife Lexi. The Author describes Boone Creek, a small town in NC Jeremy Marsh has recently moved to for his fiance Lexi Darnell, as a small country hick town that anyone coming from NYC would be ashamed to call home. We will write a custom essay sample on Literary Device Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now As Jeremy starts to feel more at home, His perspective of the town is changed. It changes from being a hick town to somewhere refreshing where he could see himself settling down with Lexi and their Daughter to come he expresses this early on in ch. Four of the novel, â€Å"The last month in Boone creek, boring as it had been, was actually†¦refreshing† (Jeremy pg 52). In fact he gets so used to the town that when he went back home to NY for his bachelor party he felt out of place, as if something just didn’t fit. His brothers and best friend Alvin criticized his clothes, the â€Å"lumberjack† shirt Lexi bought him. Although Jeremy always did consider himself a somewhat â€Å"stylish† man and if he was still living in NY would have never been seen in those clothes by wearing it made him feel somehow connected to Lexi and his new home Boone Creek. As I read this novel I pictured a clean cut New Yorker moving so a small country town and becoming lost in all the small town gossip and unfamiliar country ways. † They’ll talk behind our backs, they’ll gossip, and it’ll take folks along time to forget that we ‘lived in sin’† (Lexi pg. 4) Lexi told Jeremy when trying to explain to him why they couldn’t live together before getting married. What Jeremy could not become accustomed to was the constant gossip about other people’s lives, although this did go on in the city it wasn’t as bad because new Yorkers don’t have enough time in the day to just sit around and talk about other people’s lives. Another literary device Nicholas Sparks used to absorb the readers attention is mood. Throughout the whole first half of the novel I was left in suspense s to how Jeremy and Lexis relationship would turn out. In the first four chapters the author tries to get the reader to think that there may be some kind of unfaithfulness going on between Lexi and Jeremy on Lexi’s part. Jeremy goes to Lexis job early one day to surprise her and she wasn’t there and did not mention getting off early to him beforehand. When he went to look for her he found her on the bench that overlooked the river with Rodney, her childhood love,† until , that is they shifted on the bench, and he then realized they were holding hands. (Jeremy pg. 73), this along with many other unexplained disappearances by Lexi leads to the suspense in the novel. As I read the end when lexi dies after labor it puts me in a doleful mood. With Jeremy mourning his wife’s death and the thought of their baby girl not having a mother in her life, he refuses to go see his daughter; in fact he said he never wanted to see her. Since Lexi died during Claries birth Jeremy feels animosity towards her, when asked if he saw her yet he said no. â€Å"Jeremy turned away. He didn’t want to heart that, didn’t want to hear anything about the baby†¦would he ever be happy again? †(Jeremy pg 258) Doris, Lexi’s grandmother finally convinces him to go see her, â€Å"And in that instance, while staring at his daughter through a thousand tears, he fell in love and wanted nothing more than to hold Claire forever. † (Narrator pg 263). Jeremy learns to accept Lexis death and accept the gift she left behind, Claire. Although the novel jumps from suspense to love to distressing times Nicholas Sparks still manages to consume the readers attention by using mood and imajery. How to cite Literary Device Essay, Essays

To Whom Does the Future Belong Essay Sample free essay sample

In 2005 the combined end product of emerging economic systems came to account for more than half of entire universe GDP ( measured at purchasing-power para ) . Consequentially. today rich states no longer rule the planetary economic system. while developing states have far greater influence over rich economic systems. The coming of offshoring has lowered production costs. leting consumers in the developed universe to harvest the benefits of cheaper goods and services ; this has reduced consumer monetary value degrees and therefore rising prices. Lower labor costs have been a in big portion. a effect of the fabrication production map. by and large it uses really small human capital and takes a signifier similar to y=ak? . The monolithic rise in the effectual unskilled labor supply ensuing from the ability of MNC’s to travel these procedures abroad has exerted enormous downward force per unit area on unskilled labour’s portion of income L/Y. relation to skilled labors portion Lh/Y in developed states. As the universe develops nevertheless. a turning supply of human capital across the universe has begun to exercise downwards coerce even on skilled domestic laborers. With lower costs of labor. have come lower costs of end product and therefore higher degrees of Net income and larger portion of net income in national income. The abundant supply of effectual labor abroad. additions productiveness. This same opposition to rising prices contributes to the United States’ Dollar’s dependability ; in that it aids the dollar in staying a strong shop of value ; backed by the full religion and recognition of the United States Government. it is a liquid medium of exchange and a dependable unit of history. Given these facts. amidst the greatest growing miracle and supply daze in history. developing states choose to buy dollars for their militias. consequentially. their rapid purchase of dollars immensely increases shortages through capital influx which may take downing U. S. Marginal Product of Capital = MPK =?Y/?K = R which may stand for its equilibrium involvement rate. Despite the possibility of a falling involvement rate giving capital losingss if adjusted for rising prices. capital flows have continued to widen the shortage. taking many to believe. or possibly to hold right thought. that at the really least. big shortages promote assets bubbles. and at worst that majo r economic systems might abandon it. It has been argued that over dependance on foreign capital. and an inordinate current history shortage. uncompensated by private nest eggs might take foreign cardinal Bankss to find the U. S. economic system to hold deteriorating basicss therefore puting off a terror. this statement overlooks the U. S. ’ cardinal strength. Many Economists today believe that U. S. dependance on foreign capital and turning foreign debt has brought about an economic system based on an unsustainable accretion of foreign debt merely worsened by overly low private nest eggs rates. and an out of control current history shortage with entire net foreign liabilities nearing a one-fourth of GDP. It has been posited that failure of foreign U. S. Asset holders to go on buying dollar assets could put of a panic causation heavy dollar depreciation. lifting domestic involvement rates as available capital dries up and widespread rising prices. Though this remains a possibility. it is non a likely 1. Though the U. S. economic system sits atop a mountain of debt. it is non a subprime borrower. as it has the agency abilities and purposes to do good on its debt. With regard to its agencies. the U. S. economic system leads the universe in invention and technological promotion. true the economic system can surely anticipate a painful rectification towards farther specialising in this sector. with lifting planetary demand. this should merely reflect lifting pay rates in these sectors over clip due to their scarce planetary nature. further hiking U. S. comparative wealth through this period until other states become every bit skilled. The U. S. is non unstable in comparative historical footings. its currency will non fall in as it liabilities are denoted in dollars. it is non a â€Å" . com† state without substance. it receives investing as it is technologically driven. it yields high returns has entree to immigrant labour. to boot. it’s salvaging and intangible investing are immensely understated. There has been a great trade of fright that the United States â€Å"net foreign debt† will come to reflect the experience of states such as Argentina. Brazil. and Turkey ensuing in absolute currency prostration but it must be noted that the United States is non a hazardous. unstable and ailing tally emerging state. Noteworthy differences include the fact that U. S. external liabilities are denominated in its ain currency for which it can pull strings as it sees fit. What is more its ability to pull investors is non groundless but instead the consequence of its technologically goaded economic system. high returns and entree to immigrant labour. Despite downward force per unit area on certain labour markets. a twenty-four hours on the land reveals even the furthest debts of the lower class seeking instruction or taking nonexportable occupations. the cab driver. the eating house waiter. these places by their very nature habit be go forthing their several locations. As we know full good. despite these facts ; where net incomes are stored or how they are allocated. corporate net incomes remain higher than of all time before doing portfolio investing more attractive than of all time. all the piece. capital additions on equities. 401 ( K ) plans. and place values are excluded from measurings of personal economy ; when they are added. entire U. S. domestic economy is about 20 per centum of GDP ; about the same rate as in other developed economic systems. Additionally. investing in intangible engineering remains wholly immeasurable. the NBER. estimations that intangible investing grew quickly during the 1990s and is now at least ev ery bit big as physical investing in works and equipment at more than $ 1 trillion per twelvemonth. or 10 per centum of GDP. If the U. S authorities. the President. the Congress and Senate. the Military and Paramilitary are rational persons and establishments. and they portion the same primary aim and curse ; â€Å"to protect and uphold the Fundamental law of The United States of America† . there can be no inquiry that finally they will counter any powers that might endanger national security. If they are rational. they will move expeditiously leveraging the abilities while they can. When one time asked why he was so disinterested in the long tally. John Menard Keynes responded. â€Å"In the long tally we are all dead† . there can be no inquiry that in the long tally. China’s growing is set to catch that of the United States if it fails to take pre-emptive action. but this is an unrealistic premise. every bit early as 2009 the Pentagon began keeping Economic War Games ask foring the best and the brightest to play out brushs affecting Russia. China and the United States. Upon finding th e exposure of the United States to China’s current ability to drop 100s of little â€Å"dollar bombs† with no peculiar hazard to its ego. the importance of cut downing or excepting China from American debt holding’s should hold become evident. Three old ages subsequently we approach a extremist financial drop to extinguish such debt prior to the gap of China’s capital history. In the aftermath of the Doha round the U. S. has begun to partake in favoritism of the kind. which may despite the possibility of aggregative loss. function U. S. strategic and national security involvements. All the piece. for the first clip in decennaries the United States has reopened its ego to oil geographic expedition and the chase of energy independency. Possibly most eventful of all. in 2012. advised by Mankiw. presidential campaigner Mitt Romney proposed offering green cards to anyone who intended to seek an advanced grade in the United States ; this is intriguing as it represents an result ensuing from the populace and mussy establishment of U. S. . political relations. Give a larger. more educated population. a reminder that the United States is non exempt from the most good additions from trade. Give the presence of Rational Parami litary organisations. efficient markets. establishments and the most educated bunch of humanity on Earth I see no ground to anticipate the U. S. will non ( as it ever does ) be proactive in supporting its National Security involvements. Rather than theorizing nevertheless we can lodge with a â€Å"ceteris paribus† set of premises and state of affairss so characteristic of our subject. keeping all things constant. States will excel the U. S. by GDP but in a Nuclear epoch. this is of small effect. the existent menace ballads from the battalion of sceptered establishments large and little. China and India are set to excel the United States in footings of GDP. that said which economic system comes out the largest is of small effect to the inquiry of to whom the hereafter belongs. such a place would connote we are come ining a multipolar universe nevertheless the universe we are come ining is clearly different to a multipolar universe in that it is non to be dominated simply by states but besides by poles who are non themselves provinces. we see this from above by regional and planetary organisations. from below by reserves and grassroots organisations and from the side via nongovernmental organisations ( NGOs ) a nd corporations. To lucubrate. the USA. EU. Japan China. India and Russia are major centres of power. they are non multipolar as regional powers such as Brazil. Saudi Arabia. Nigeria and Pakistan play cardinal functions while establishments such as the IMF. UN. World Bank. African Union. Arab League. ASEAN and OPEC exert enormous power without the presence of a province. all the piece metropoliss such as New York. Shanghai and Sao Paulo exert enormous influence as power centres while MNC’s dominate full industries such as energy. industry and even intelligence. Even little militia’s such as Hamas. Hezbollah. and the Taliban are able to hold enormous impact. U. S. Uni-polarity sees its ego. under menace from all angle’s. today its huge military outgo proves futile against ill equipped reserves on an ever-changing battleground. In the nonionic universe. power and laterality are less coupled due to the reluctance of others to come to its assistance in chase of developing their ain i nfluence and sabotaging that of the U. S. . a instance in point being the ineffectualness of American calls for countenances against Iran due to Russia and China’s refusal to take portion. Even America’s place as a fountain of planetary civilization is melting to intelligence by Al-Jazeera and movie from India’s Bollywood. It should be noted that in the political sense. the autumn of the United States Unipolar Hegemony is non straight the consequence of the growing of other states but instead. it is partly the effect of its political overreaching. its efforts to rule through strength have led to dearly-won wars which have put it in a peculiarly lame place amidst an epoch of globalisation. Additionally. it is the consequence of globalisation its ego. globalisation reinforces non-polarity in two major ways. for one many cross-border flows take topographic point outside the control of authoritiess and without their cognition. As a consequence. globalisation dilutes the influence of the major powers. Second. these same flows frequently strengthen the capacities of nonstate histrions. such as energy exporters. terrorists and MNC’s. Non-polarity will increase the figure of menaces confronting states such as the United States. These menaces can take the signifier of knave provinces. terrorist groups and energy manufacturers that choose to cut down their end product. That said. though non-polarity may be inevitable. its signifier is surely non. a great trade can and should be done to determine a non-polar universe. bearing that in head. order will non emerge on its ain. in fact Entropy shows that the more big histrions a system has. the greater will be the extent of entropy. that is to state that left to its ain devices. a nonionic universe will go more helter-skelter over clip. In decision. there is important grounds to back up the claim that rich states no longer rule planetary political economic system. while developing states now have far greater influence over rich 1s. There is besides significant grounds to back up the claim that offshoring has lowered production costs. leting for cheaper goods and services and cut downing consumer monetary value degrees and therefore rising prices. What is more. a turning supply of human capital across the universe has begun to exercise downwards coerce even on skilled domestic laborers. ensuing in a greater portion of income traveling to gain and increasing productiveness. Many economic experts feel that these fortunes may shortly justify decisions by cardinal bankers that the U. S. ’s inability to salvage every bit much as it invests my signal possible hazard. Though the U. S. economic system sits atop a mountain of debt. it is non a subprime borrower. as it has the agency abilities and purposes to do good on its debt. the U. S. economic system receives investing influxs as a consequence of its ability to give high hazard weighted returns. uniting entree to immigrant labour. invention and technological promotion. Furthermore. if the U. S authorities is a rational establishment there can be no inquiry that finally it will oppose any powers that might endanger national security. Ultimately. I do non believe there is sufficient grounds to claim that a big scale forsaking of the dollar should go on in the following decennary or so. that said. I expect that as China comes to lift. it will wish to asseverate its ego and may seek to either set the Yuan at the Centre of the system or destruct the system it’s ego. Despite these positions. it seems dubious given the presence of atomic arms that the universe can of all time once more prolong a bi-polar or multipolar system. finally. if we are to last as a species we will necessitate to go unipolar or non-polar. as such. in the meantime. the hereafter will belong to either China. the United States. or anyone who can accumulate sufficient resources or agencies. It should be noted that the autumn of the United States unipolar hegemony is non straigh t the consequence of the growing of other states but instead. the effect of its political overreaching. its efforts to rule through strength have led to dearly-won wars. ironically non-polarity will increase the figure of menaces confronting states such as the United States. These menaces can take the signifier of knave provinces. terrorist groups and energy manufacturers that choose to cut down their end product. That said. though non-polarity may be inevitable. its signifier is surely non. a great trade can and should be done to determine a non-polar universe.

Motivation in the XXI Century New Solutions to the Old Concerns

Time Capsule Essays

Time Capsule Essays Time Capsule Essay Time Capsule Essay Created on December 31, 1900, scheduled to be opened 100 years later. Ii. Filled with photographs and letters from 56 prominent residents. Transition: [Now, let me enlighten you on the benefits of time capsule. ] 2. The benefits of making a time capsule. A. The element of surprise. I. Discovered a secret. Ii. Adventure style. B. Record your precious memories. I. Memories wont be lost over time. Ii. Meaningful. Transition : [ Next, I will show you the steps to make a time capsule. ] 3. Steps to make a time capsule. A. Choose a duration for your time capsule. B. Decide where you will store your time capsule. C. Select a suitable type of container. D. Collect the objects that you will put into your time capsule. E. Seal the time capsule and store it. Transition : [ Maybe you will curious, what should I put into my time capsule? So, I will give some examples here. ] 4. Things to put into time capsule. A. Your meaningful collection. B. Labels or packaging of your favorite food. C. Letters. D. Personal items which can represent you. Transition : [ Besides, location to hide your time capsule is also very important. ] 5. Location to hide your time capsule. A. Dry and clean environment. B. Out of childrens reach. C. Mysterious place. Transition : [ Eventually , let me summarize the whole thing. ] Conclusion 1 . Summary of main points. In conclusion, time capsule is a very special thing which contains our own precious memories which can let us feel surprised after we find it in the future. 2. Concluding remarks You never try, you will never know! Give yourself some time to make a time capsule to give yourself a chance to have an adventure on your own memories in future! Thank you!

Person Centred Counselling - Evaluate the criticisms of Person Essay

Person Centred Counselling - Evaluate the criticisms of Person Centered therapy - Essay Example By adapting a non-judgmental acceptance and listening, Deco and Vanteenkiste (2004, p. 24) reveal that therapists manage to promote change. However, trusting that the client will establish their own solutions to their problems introduces lots of criticism that refers to client-centred therapy as dependent on very little theory. This paper evaluates the criticisms against client-centred therapy.  While Rodgers established an approach that focused on clients as human beings that can take full control of their lives, critics such as behaviourists argued that humans are organism that only respond to stimuli and whose habits are only learnt from experiences. Rodgers contradicted this approach to argue that humans are not helpless, but are responsible for their own conduct and behaviour (Deci & Ryan, 2000, p. 228). One psychoanalyst contradicted by Rodgers was Freud, who viewed humans as always being captives of primitive passions that commence from fixations experienced during childhood only to become powerful biological drives. Unlike Rodgers, Freud’s emphasis was on humans’ dark side that constituted of damaging instincts that beyond human control. On the contrary, Deco and Ryan (2000, p. 228) viewed Rogers’ approach as wrong because humans have choices, and control over themselves, thus they are not just characteristically weak and easily broken. Furthermore, humans do not always require assistance from counsellors and experts to enable them amend their weakened lives (Cramer, 2003, p. 86).

M10 clean energy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

M10 clean energy - Assignment Example Projects such as CCPI-1 and CCPI-2 have demonstrated significant mercury removal, reduced sulfur and nitrogen emission, byproduct utilization, carbon dioxide capture, and improved efficiency (Leonard, 2008). Clean coal technology has not yet resulted in what would be termed as clean energy because it still releases carbon dioxide among other harmful particulate matter into the environment. Like of other fossil fuels such as diesel, coal releases sulfur and nitrogen gases as well as release of chemicals such mercury during its mining into the environment (Leonard, 2008). Such chemicals have negative pollute the environment leading to detrimental effect on the living things. However, biodiesel produced from biological waste has limited negative impact on the environment because it produces relatively reduced greenhouse gases. In this case, biodiesel can be termed as a cleaner source of energy compared to coal energy. Our dependency on fossil fuels can be fast track through determination of the rate of developing and using alternative sources of energy such as biodiesel and solar energy. The use of renewable sources of energy can clearly depict our dependence on fossil fuels such as oil and

Bill Gates and Oprah Winfrey | Leadership

Bill Gates and Oprah Winfrey | Leadership This report presents a review of leadership theories in brief and the contrast and similarity between Bill Gates and Oprah Winfrey Leadership style; who are two of the well known people in the world. The report begins with an introduction about the two well known faces, Opera Winfrey and Bill Gates who are consider as the successful leaders in the world. The next section would be the biography of Opera and Bill gates in brief. The following section gives a brief review of leadership theories which have been applied in different organizations during these years. Bill Gates and Oprah Winfrey Leadership Qualities which are the main idea of this paper is discussed in the current section and the aim of this section is the better understanding of the importance of leadership quality in a successful business. The next section discuss the similarity and contrast between Bill Gates leadership quality and the leadership quality of Opera Winfrey in terms of leadership theories in general In the current section , my own opinion about Bill Gates and Oprah Winfrey Leadership style would be explained The report conclusion is about he Introduction Welcome to this report which was a glimpse of the Management and Leadership theories and how famous people such as Opera Winfrey and Bill Gates applied them to achieve their success. It draws together a range of materials detailing approaches to leadership and leadership theories. The ability to inspire people to reach great performance and success is a skill that leaders need. Passion, purpose, listening and meaning help make a leader inspirational. The ability to communicate that passion, purpose and meaning to others helps establish the motivating culture of your organization. These points will tell you how to enable inspiration and motivation in the people you lead. In the list of the worlds ranking mega-leaders, there are few women. This is undoubtedly not for any lack of talent or leadership ability among women, but more likely because the step between being a good leader and being a world-renowned mega-leader is quite large, and few women or men, for that matter have been able to pull together all of the abilities and resources necessary to make it happen. In Oprah Winfreys case, however, mega-leadership was achievable, and she has not only achieved it but keeps increasing her leadership base. On the other hand Bill Gates is one of the most successful e ntrepreneurs of the world. He is able to run a successful and a profitable entrepreneurship for many years and even today, we cannot survive in this competitive world without it. Vision and dedication are the key factors of being a successful entrepreneur and these skills were present in Bill Gates from the beginning. Bill Gates Bill Gates was born on October 28, 1955 in a family having rich business, political and community service background. Bill strongly believes in hard work. He believes that if you are intelligent and know how to apply your intelligence, you can achieve anything. From childhood Bill was ambitious, intelligent and competitive. These qualities helped him to attain top position in the profession he chose. In school, he had an excellent record in mathematics and science. Still he was getting very bored in school. Bills parents came to know their sons intelligence and decided to enroll him in a private school, known for its intense academic environment. Bill Gates and his friends were very much interested in computer and formed Programmers Group in late 1968. In the next year, they got their first opportunity in Information Sciences Inc, which they were selected as programmers. ISI (Information Sciences Inc.) agreed to give them royalties whenever it made money from any of the groups progra m. As a result of the business deal signed with Information Sciences Inc., the group also became a legal business. Bill Gates and his close friend Allen started new company of their own, Traf-O-Data. They developed a small computer to measure traffic flow. From this project they earned around $20,000. The era of Traf-O-Data came to an end when Gates left the college. In 1973, he left home for Harvard University. He took the standard freshman courses with the exception of signing up for one of Harvards toughest mathematics courses. He did well over there, but he couldnt find it interesting too. At the end of Bills first year, his best friend Allen, came close to him so that they could follow some of their ideas. That summer they got job in Honeywell. Allen kept on pushing Bill for opening a new software company. Within a year, Bill Gates dropped out from Harvard. Then he formed Microsoft. Microsofts vision is A computer on every desk and Microsoft software on every computer. Bill is a visionary person and works very hard to achieve his vision. ( Ravi Kumar Paluri) Oprah Winfrey Born in Kosciusko, Mississippi, Oprah Winfrey was reared by her grandmother on a farm where she began her broadcasting career by learning to read aloud and perform recitation at the age of three. After suffering abuse and molestation, at the age of 13, she was sent to Nashville to live under her fathers strict discipline As strict as he was, says Oprah, he had some concerns about me making the best of my life, and would not accept anything less than what he thought was my best. Oprah Winfreys broadcasting career began at age 17, when she was hired by WVOL radio in Nashville, and two years later signed on with WTVF-TV in Nashville as a reporter/anchor. She attended Tennessee State University, where she majored in Speech Communications and Performing Arts. In 1976, she moved to Baltimore to join WJZ-TV news as a co-anchor, and in 1978 discovered her talent for hosting talk shows when she became co-host of WJZ-TVs People Are Talking, while continuing to serve as anchor and news reporter. In January 1984, she came to Chicago to host WLS-TVs AM Chicago, a faltering local talk show. In less than a year, she turned AM Chicago into the hottest show in town. The format was soon expanded to one hour, and in September 1985 it was renamed The Oprah Winfrey Show. Seen nationally since September 8, 1986, The Oprah Winfrey Show became the number one talk show in national syndication in less than a year. In June 1987, in its first year of eligibility, The Oprah Winfrey Show received three Daytime Emmy Awards in the categories of Outstanding Host, Outstanding Talk/Service Program and Outstanding Direction. In June 1988, The Oprah Winfrey Show received its second consecutive Daytime Emmy Award as Outstanding Talk/Service Program, and she herself received the International Radio and Television Societys Broadcaster of the Year Award. She was the youngest person and only the fifth woman ever to receive the honor in IRTSs 25-year history. Winfreys business and personal interests are wide ranging and she has managed to accomplish success in several areas. Apart from being a successful Talk show host she is also a producer, successful actress, Founder of the successful O, the Oprah Magazine, co founder of Oxygen Media, and a generous Philanthropist. Her entrepreneurial spirit and desire to change society for the better have brought her and her numerous companies many awards and achievements. Oprah Winfrey was named one of the 100 Most Influential People of the 20th Century by Time magazine, and in 1998 received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. (Opera Winfrey) REVIEW OF LEADERSHIP THEORY A review of the leadership literature reveals a developing series of schools of thought from Great Man and Trait theories to Transformational leadership (see table). Later theories begin to consider the role of followers and the related nature of leadership, whilst early theories tend to focus upon the characteristics and behaviors of successful leaders. Great Man Theories Based on the belief that leaders are exceptional people, born with inborn qualities, destined to lead. The use of the term man was intentional since until the latter part of the twentieth century leadership was thought of as a concept, which is primarily male, military and Western. This led to the next school of Trait Theories Trait Theories The lists of traits or qualities associated with leadership exist in plenty and continue to be produced. They draw on virtually all the adjectives in the dictionary which describe some positive or worthy human attribute, from ambition to zest for life Behaviorist Theories These concentrate on what leaders actually do rather than on their qualities. Different patterns of behavior are observed and categorized as styles of leadership. This area has probably attracted most attention from practicing managers Situational Leadership This approach sees leadership as specific to the situation in which it is being exercised. For example, whilst some situations may require a domineering style, others may need a more participative approach. It also proposes that there may be differences in required leadership styles at different levels in the same organization Contingency Theory This is an improvement of the situational viewpoint and focuses on identifying the situational variables which best predict the most appropriate or effective leadership style to fit the particular circumstances Transactional Theory This approach emphasizes the importance of the relationship between leader and followers, focusing on the mutual benefits derived from a form of contract through which the leader delivers such things as rewards or recognition in return for the commitment or loyalty of the followers Transformational Theory The central concept here is change and the role of leadership in visualizing and implementing the transformation of organizational performance Bill Gates Leadership Qualities Bill Gates with her vision has a clear, vivid picture of where to go, as well as a firm find on what success looks like and how to achieve it. Jack Welch, former chairman and CEO of General Electric Co., said, Good business leaders create a vision, articulate the vision, passionately own the vision and relentlessly drive it to completion. Bill Gates communicates clearly and passionately and this is one of the most powerful points of this manager. Bill Gates has the discipline to work toward his vision single-mindedly, as well as to direct his manner and those of the team toward the goal. Bill Gates leadership is participative style because he involves his subordinate in decision making. He is a flexible person and he recognized his role was to be visionary of the company. When ever needed he bring professional manager for managing and well structure of the organization. Gates is a strong and energizing person his enthusiasm, hard working nature, judgment skills reflect his personality. His motivating power and involving his friends to working with him became the success of Microsoft. Integrity is the integration of outward actions and inner values (Bergmann, 1999). Bill Gates as a person of integrity is the same on the outside and on the inside. Such an individual can be trusted because he never veers from inner values, even when it might be expeditious to do so. Bill Gates has the trust of followers and therefore must display integrity. Dedication means spending whatever time or energy is necessary to accomplish the task at hand (Bergmann, 1999). Bill Gates inspires dedication by example, doing whatever it takes to complete the next step toward the vision. Magnanimity means giving credit where it is due (Bergmann, 1999). Bill Gates as a leader ensures that credit for successes is spread as widely as possible throughout the company. Conversely, Bill Gates takes personal responsibility for failures. This sort of reverse magnanimity helps other people feel good about them and draws the team closer together. Leaders with humility recognize that they are no better or worse than other members of the team. Bill Gates is not self-effacing but rather tries to elevate everyone.. Mahatma Gandhi is a role model for Indian leaders, and he pursued a follower-centric leadership role. Openness means being able to listen to new ideas, even if they do not conform to the usual way of thinking. Bill Gates is able to suspend judgment while listening to others ideas, as well as accept new ways of doing things that someone else thought of. Openness builds mutual respect and trust between leaders and followers, and it also keeps the team well supplied with new ideas that can further its vision. Creativity is the most important leadership quality of Bill Gates. Bill gates develop computer language new Altair 8080 pc which became the foundation of Microsoft. Bill continuously develops two other computer languages. When IBM develops their first pc and which need operating system to run the computer, Microsoft develops MS-DOS for IBM. Gates adopting the changes very fast that are his enthusiasm vision and hard working give him the success. Gates always recognized him as a visionary he always recognize professional management, he decentralize authority to make organization structure better. Fairness means dealing with others consistently and justly. Bill gates check all the facts and hear everyone out before passing judgment. He avoids leaping to conclusions based on incomplete evidence. When people feel they that are being treated fairly, they reward a leader with loyalty and dedication. Bill gates know how to use humor to energize followers. Humor is a form of power that provides some control over the work environment. One of the most important quality of Bill gates is that he is and supportive. Bill gates always take the blame for a loss, turnover, miss executed play, etc. If the problem wasnt his fault, he wont blame anyone else; he either blames himself, or dont say anything. Bill gates also know how to take charge. When the rest of the team seems confused, he will take control and guide the rest of the members. Bill gates know how to stay calm under pressure. While normal people may crack or feel flustered, he knows how to guide his team to victory and stay cool. He also has confidence in his team members, he has a good communication and, to let his team mates improve themselves. If a mistake is done, he will accept the mistake and take that mistake to improve the team. Oprah Winfrey Leadership Qualities Oprah Winfrey has an exemplary character. One of the important points for leaders is trustworthy to lead others whish she has it. She is enthusiastic about her work or cause and also about her role as leader (Blackler, 2003). It is a fact that people will respond more openly to a person like Oprah Winfrey that has passion and dedication. She has the ability to be able to be a source of inspiration, and be a motivator towards the required action or cause. Although, if we have a comparison between the responsibilities and positions of Oprah Winfrey and Bill Gates we can find many differences, she need to be seen to be part of the team working towards the goal same as Bill Gates. Result of researches shows that in order to lead and set direction a leader needs to appear confident as a person and in the leadership role and she is confident. She has the ability to function in an orderly and purposeful manner in situations of uncertainty. She is tolerant of ambiguity and remains calm, composed and steadfast to the main purpose (Blackler, 2003). Oprah Winfrey as well as keeping the main goal in focus is able to think analytically. Not only does a good leader view a situation as a whole, but is able to break it down into sub parts for closer inspection. She stand up for what is right, even in the face of popular disagreement. She also accepts blame when at fault. The most amazing thing is she has an inward desire that motivates her to excel; she also has the willing to act without orders and to offer well-considered recommendations for the improvement of the command. She is accountable, and that quality forms the cornerstone of leadership. She makes decisions, good or bad, and accepts the responsibility and consequences for those decisions. Compare between Leadership qualities of Gates and Winfrey Oprah Winfrey as a leader is more assertive and persuasive, has a stronger need to get things done and is more willing to take risks than Bill Gates. He remains stymied in the same occupational title and pay level for many years. He become too valuable in his positions in Microsoft .Bill Gates does not have any more strong will to make risk and put his self in dangerous situation. Oprah Winfrey was also found to be more empathetic and flexible, as well as stronger in interpersonal skills that bring the special ability for her to read situations accurately and take information in from all sides same as Bill Gates. Both of them as two of biggest leaders in the world are able to bring others around to their point of view, so that the people they are leading feel more understood, supported and valued. When we have a comparison between these two we can find that both of them have the ability to attract peoples attention and the great ability to digest input of the entire people of the world. Beside of that, they have Keeping people involved on the task at hand and understanding when to push and when not to. Leadership comes in many styles, shapes, and forms. Some people are leaders because they lead by example to better a group of people, and others are leaders because people learn from their decisions and business ideas. As a leader, Bill Gates believed that his managers should have their own personal authority. Indeed, each manager was expected to act like his own little CEO in his own modest right. He desired his managers to be responsible for his own influence on the stream of things and the tides of change. From here, we could tell them Gates also show some form of participative leadership, whereby Gates demand his managers to be creative and able to solve complex problems, and improving their quality. I personally prefer this style of leadership that Gates uses as it seems to be in the middle between not being engaged and over controlling, allowing the organization to be able to innovate and grow. Oprah Winfrey, communicate clearly and honestly to their followers, she use a combination of their personality, beliefs and capabilities to lead. Motivating followers to support and implement her ideas through change is an important part of the way that she uses to influence the peoples of different societies. She wishes inspire trust and confidence in her followers and with strategic thinking and trust building, support and empower her followers to be a catalyst for change. Conclusion As a conclusion, after a review of leadership theories in brief and the contrast and similarity between Bill Gates and Oprah Winfrey Leadership style; who are two of the well known people in the world we can find that there is not one standard, correct style for all leaders in all circumstances at all times and any group or individual behaves differently from each other. Each leader has to find differences and adapt according to the situation but at all they use same ideas in different ways for one target SUCCESS. Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Overview and Applications Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Overview and Applications How does Magnetic Resonance imaging work and how can it influence the future? An Introduction to Magnetic Resonance Imaging[1][2][3]: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used as an accurate form of disease detection which is usually used to confirm a patients condition, as well as a method of looking at trauma to the brain, examples of which could be bleeding and swelling. Alongside these uses MRI can be used to look at the soft tissues, as well as information on the structure of joints. Prior to the introduction, the only method for diagnosis for many of these problems were invasive methods such as surgery, and x-rays or CT-scans which were less accurate and ionizing, which could have a lasting effect upon the body. The use of MRI scans is only a recent phenomenon, with the first image on a person being produced as late as 1977, by Paul Lauterbur and Sir Peter Mansfield who received a shared Nobel prize for their work on this matter. Both scientists were looking at how nuclear magnetic resonance imaging could be used to look at solids and liquids, and both formed the theory behind it all, but it was Sir Peter Mansfield who developed the method used in MRI by firstly solving how to define a slice of a matter, and also how to produce images from multiple-pulse experiments. Although the work on producing images for biological specimens only came about as a result of the fact that it would be too hard to produce images of a solid. How does Magnetic Resonance Imaging work[4][5]? Magnetic resonance imaging involves a series of steps which are all explained below, in order to produce the final image that is used for diagnostics. Nuclear Spin The body’s mass is approximately 10% hydrogen, of which 70% is contained in water, and due to the fact that protons produce a large signal to a MRI scanner a more accurate image is produced, as they are in such large abundance in the body in the water. The hydrogen nuclei in the body spin about an axis, this is illustrated in figure 1.1. As a result of the spinning protons being charged, the spinning of a nuclei along an axis causes a small circulating electric current, which in turn causes a small magnetic field. If a collection of these nuclei were to be placed in a stronger external magnetic field (BØ), most of the nuclei will align their spin in the same direction as the external field. As you can see from figure 1.2 not all of the hydrogen nuclei are aligned with the direction of the magnetic field, and this is because both alignments are possible, but the one with the field is a lower energy state, whilst the protons against the field are at a higher energy state. The protons are continually oscillating back and forth between the two states, because there is a tendency for nuclei in a high energy state to return to a lower energy state by emitting some of its energy to surrounding nuclei. There is usually enough thermal energy in the material for the nuclei to be flipped back. How do protons precess about an axis?[6] Spinning protons when in the presence of an external magnetic field do not arrange themselves perfectly parallel or anti-parallel to the magnetic field, as the nuclei always have equal but opposite magnetic charges they cancel out when there is no magnetic field. The particles tend to precess about the magnetic field lines, and this is illustrated in figure 1.3. The nuclei complete a full rotation around the magnetic field in a period that is directly proportional to the strength of the external magnetic field. As you can see from the figure 1.4 the period gets smaller for a larger magnetic field and thus the frequency of the precession increases. This frequency is fixed depending upon the strength of the magnetic field, and is called the Larmor frequency and the relationship between them is given by: f = (ω)/ (2Ï€) Where ÃŽ ¥ is a constant called the gyromagnetic frequency, which varies for each type of particle. In MRI the Larmor frequency is about 50 MHz, which is in the radio frequency part of the magnetic frequency spectrum and the magnetic field has a magnitude of 1 or 2 Teslas. Why is the Larmor frequency is of that form? TheLarmor frequencyinMRI is the rate of precession of the magnetic moment of the proton around the external magnetic field. The frequency of precession is related to the strength of the external magnetic field,BØ. TheLarmor precession of nuclei of a substance placed in a magnetic field B0 is calculated from Larmor Equation, the Larmor precession is measured in Radians seconds-1: ω = ÃŽ ³BØ Where ÃŽ ¥ is a constant called the gyromagnetic frequency, which varies for each type of particle, but in the case of MRI is a constant as you are only affecting hydrogen nuclei. As the external magnetic field would be uniform and constant, to work out the Larmor frequency you need to divde the Larmor precession by 2Ï€f. The frequency is measured in Hertz which is s1 and as ω is measured in Radians seconds-1 so to work out the frequency needed you divide this by 2Ï€f which results in the Larmor frequency which is per second. The Net Magnetization Vector The precession of the nuclei only has a small effect upon the total magnetic field, which is only a small increase in magnetic field along the external field axis. This is because there are slightly more nuclei in parallel to the external magnetic field, than nuclei which are anti parallel to the external magnetic field. Although all of the nuclei in the material will be precessing at the Larmor frequency, they all may not be in phase. So the tranverse waves created by the nuclei get cancelled out which means that there will only be a small increase in field strength in the direction of the external field as not all of the nuclei parallel to the external field will get cancelled out. Why do we need superconducting magnets to make the protons resonate? Superconducting magnets are used in magnetic resonance imaging of the human body because magnetic resonance imaging requires extremely uniform fields across the subject and extreme stability over time. By having the magnet coils in the superconducting state helps to achieve parts-per-million spacial uniformity over a space large enough to hold a person, and parts per million hour-1 stability with time. This is the reason for using superconducting magnets alongside the fact that they are able to produce a magnetic field of a magnituted of 1 or 2 Teslas. How to make the protons resonate? In order to produce a magnetic resonance image we need to make the protons precess about the external field lines in phase with each other ; which will produce a small net transverse field which rotates about the axis of the external field at the Larmor frequency. This is the magnetic field that can be detected and in turn produce a magnetic resonance image. These three stages are all depend upon the nuclei precessing in phase with each other, this is done by making them absorb radio-frequency radiation of the same frequency of the Larmor frequency. The absorbtion of the energy causes low-energy state protons to flip into the high-energy state, which means that the protons are anti-parallel to the external field lines and also precessing in phase with the applied signal, which in turn mean that they are in phase with each other. The number of protons that flip depends upon the duration of the radio frequency pulse, which is applied. How a magnetic resonance image is produced: In order for a magnetic resonance image to be produced, you need to be able to locate the part of the body that has an ailment, in order to do this three smaller non uniform magnetic fields are added to the constant field. If you look at figure 1.5 you are able to see how these magnetic fields are applied, with one running the length of the patient’s body, this is the z-axis and this is used to define slices through the body. The body in this diagram is the sample, with the other magnetic fields being applied in the x-axis and y-axis, within the plane of a slice. The magnetic field strength at any point is the sum of the four fields that sets a unique larmour frequency and phase at each point in the body. To actually produce an image a pulse of electromagnetic radiation is sent through the body at a set radio frequency. The protons with a Larmor frequency will absorb energy from the pulse and flip into the higher energy state. As a result a transverse field, which is rotating at the Larmor frequency, is produced for the specific part of the body. As a result of Flemings Left hand rule, the rotating magnetic field that is actually an alternating field induces an electric current in the detector. The image is gradually formed by sending a sequence of radio-frequency pulses through the body at different frequencies to pick out the Larmor frequencies at different locations. The signals produced and the relaxation time involved are processed by computer to assemble the image. How is a clear image is produced on the scan? The relaxation time is the time taken for the protons to fall back down to their lower energy state after the radio-frequency pulse is turned off. The protons fall into their lower energy state by passing their energy on into neighboring atoms. The relaxation time is measured by the change in the intensity of the signal induced in the detector. The relaxation time is used to show the contrast in tissue within an image, with the relaxation time dependent upon the nature of atoms close to the stimulated protons. Thus a clear image of the tissue can be seen. The safety of magnetic resonance imaging scanning: MRI is regarded as one of the safest ways of confirming a diagnosis, although there are some exceptions where a patient has form of metal in their body, which interferes with the powerful superconducting magnets, which allows a magnetic resonance image to be produced. An example of something, which could cause a magnetic resonance image to not work, is tattoos that have metal fragments in the ink that is used to form the image. The metal is dangerous because metal objects can be forcefully drawn to the magnet; if these metal objects are embedded in your body, they can be drawn to the magnet and cause damage.The magnetic resonance image can also be dangerous for pregnant ladies. Using magnetic resonance imaging to detect cancer in the body A future use of MRI is to detect cancer; cancer cells need far more energy than most other types of tissues in the body, so a new technique has just been developed where a patient suspected of having cancer is injected with glucose. This results in a differing brightness on the image produced with the tumor appearing far brighter. Although this is currently only a concept that is still some way from being used on the general public, and this is in part due to the fact that the magnetic field strength used to produce these results is far higher than being used currently and we would need to see if the same results would be produced at a lower field strength. Conclusion In conclusion by taking the simple model already in place MRI has a bright future in diagnosis and detection of diseases, with MRI being the safest form of diagnosis for soft tissue as a result of its non-ionizing nature and clear results that it produces. The future for MRI will become brighter as the cost of using it falls over time, so that it will be more freely available and thus use for mass cancer detection could occur for example. MRI has already had a major impact on practices undertaken by doctors in assessing a patients needs, and the use of MRI stands to continue these changes further as more uses are developed. Bibliography Introduction to MRI: http://www.vistadiagnostics.co.uk/mri_explained.htm http://www.teslasociety.com/mri.htm http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2003/mansfield-bio.html How does Magnetic Resonance imaging work? http://science.howstuffworks.com/mri.htm http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/java/mri/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1121941/ Page 504-505 Advancing Physics By Steve Adams and Jonathon Allday The larmor Frequency http://radiopaedia.org/articles/larmor-frequency The safety of MRI scanning http://pain.about.com/od/testingdiagnosis/p/having_an_MRI.htm Using MRI to detect cancer in the body: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/146309.php Are there any modern alternatives to this technology? http://www.medicinenet.com/mri_scan/page3.htm http://www.nhs.uk/news/2013/07July/Pages/Could-new-tests-use-sugar-to-help-detect-cancer.aspx Gihan Fernando1 [1] http://www.medicinenet.com/mri_scan/article.htm [2] http://www.teslasociety.com/mri.htm [3] http://www.vistadiagnostics.co.uk/mri_explained.htm [4] Advanced Physics by Steve Adams and Jonathon Allday- Page 504, Magnetic Resonance Imaging [5] http://www.simplyphysics.com/page2_1.html [6] http://radiopaedia.org/articles/net-magnitisation-vector

Macro Effects of massive Earthquake

The earthquake also caused a high tsunami which breached the safety of nuclear plants in Fukushima prefecture. What is worse, though, is it caused a partial meltdown, and now Japanese citizens not only suffered by damage of earthquake itself but also the dangerous level of radiation from the plants. On June 10th 2013, a Japanese National Police Agency announced there were 1 5,883 confirmed deaths, 6,145 injured, and 2,671 people missing, as well as 126,458 buildings totally collapsed, with a further 272,191 buildings ‘half collapsed', and another 741,684 buildings partially damaged(â€Å"Countermeasures†).This is the largest economic shock for the Japanese economy since the end of World War II. It may take some time before the full economic impact of the earthquake is known, but we can still look at the scale of earthquake economically by comparing it with the Great Hanshin-AwaJi Earthquake of 19951 in Japan and how it affected on the economy. Thesis: The Earthquake's Im pacts on Economic Flow and Stocks There are two important points to consider concerning the impact of this catastrophe: flow and stock. Flow is economic activities in everyday life, such as spending, production, income, and many other economic rowths.Stock is a concept representing the abundance at some point in time, such as housing, factories, and social capital and so on. The flow of economic activities was damaged by the earthquake and tsunami. First of all, the earthquake and tsunami caused an impediment in physical economic activities such as production and consumption in the disaster area. Next, they cut off the distribution to the disaster area, and the connection between products and point of consumption was no longer smooth. Thirdly, it affected consumers psychologically.Less people spent money for entertainment and leisure, and the economy xperienced a sharp downturn in consumption. At the time of the Great Hanshin- Awaji Earthquake, the consumption and production activit ies fell immediately after the earthquake, but the economy slowly recovered which is mentioned later at the Impact on Japanese Macro Economy. In comparison, the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami is larger than the Great Hanshin-AwaJi Earthquake, and it caused nuclear power plant accident which caused serious radiation problem and the huge power outages.It got goes worse and worse, and it will have a quite long effect on its economy. The earthquake and tsunami also caused a large loss of stocks. Stocks that about 102. 31 billion US dollars. This was equivalent to 0. 8% of the stock of the whole country. Compares to the Great East Japan earthquake and Tsunami, the loss amount is much greater than the scale of the Great Hanshin-AwaJi Earthquake. It caused crucial widespread damage on coastal areas in eastern Japan. Japan Cabinet Office estimated the loss was approximately 173 billion dollars, and it is still not completely determined yet (â€Å"Economic Basic Data†).Impact on Japanese Macro Economy In response to the earthquake, Japan's economy was confused; there was a sharp ecline of production activities, decline of exports, and self-restraint of consumption. Japanese macro economy recorded a big decline after the earthquake. The real GDP growth rate in first quarter of 2011 declined 0. 9%, and second quarter in 2011 for 0. 5% decrease. In the case of the Great Hanshin-AwaJi Earthquake of 1995, on the other hand, there was a slight increase of about 0. 009% in first quarter of 1995.It was backed by strong yen, and the real GDP growth rate had an upward trend until first quarter of 1997. Even Hyogo Prefecture which was worst disaster area, showed a apid recovery as early as the second quarter of 1997. It is back up to 0. 04% growth (â€Å"Economic Basic Date†). If one takes the Japanese economic growth from 1995 into account, the Great East Japan Earthquake was worse than the Great Hanshin-AwaJi Earthquake. Antithesis However, there are some researchers who propose the positive effects from the disaster by economic points of view.The Japanese Society of Psychiatry and Neurology published there is a decline in suicide in disaster area. In Yamagata- prefecture, one of large damaged area from the earthquake had recorded 43 ecreases on suicidal case in 2011. It recorded there were less than 300 cases of suicide in the prefecture since 1998(â€Å"The Decline in Northeastern Japan Suicide Rate after the Earthquake†). In addition, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare also published that the rate of suicide is significantly decreasing nation-wide.It decreased 1039 total suicide cases in 2011(â€Å"Suicide Measures†). It explained suicide rate is strongly linked to economic figures, and there was a Job increase in the waste disposal business and construction industry with the reconstruction budget injection. It will enhance the economy and thus leads to a decrease in the suicide rate. Furthermore, the earthq uake had an effect on the aging population in Japan. To begin with, there was a high rate of elderly population in the area which had devastating damage by the earthquake and tsunami.For instance, there were towns called Otsuchi and Yamada that had over 40% of the population was people over 60 years old, and 30% by elderly people (â€Å"Estimated Future Population of Japanese Municipalities†). Japan has a huge aging problem, and it is estimated that the elderly will make up one third of the Japanese population in 2030. A relatively large number of elderly people were victims of the disaster, and the decrease of the amount of the aging population ease aging problem although it will Just have effect a short term on its demographic figure overall (Kouno).Synthesis Next, I will diagnose the macro-interaction to the earthquake with Japanese disaster mitigation policy. The Japanese government takes mitigation policies to recover the economic crisis caused by The Great East Japan Ea rthquake and Tsunami. First, they put large capital investment in its economy after the disaster. The Central Bank of ncluding quantitative easing and qualitative easing, which aims to break away from deflation. In addition, they claim there is no need to change the targeted inflation rate of 2%, which was the target set before the earthquake.The Central Bank of Japan was also indicated that they will implement Open-End type2 for government bond and eliminate the three years restriction for payback period for its bond (â€Å"Four Major Policy†) Second, the Japanese government tries to break away from deflation and encourage weak yen. In order to stimulate the recovery of production and anufacturing, and to support active economic activity, Japan is resuming the nuclear power plant gradually with new enhanced safety standards.This will be the basis for favorable production conditions in Japan. Japanese Prime minister Shinzo Abe takes a new policy of trade promotion and is tryi ng to enhance the competitive position of Japan's export-driven economy in international markets. A Weak yen is the direct way to enhance the export driven economy though Japanese trade is still in the difficult situation. There is a deterioration of the trade balance, and it has experienced decrease on current account surplus three months in a row.However, because the government sent the clear message of weak yen to the market, Japanese yen becomes cheaper in the past three and a half years. They anticipate the improvement on export. Conclusion In conclusion, the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami wreaked enormous damage on Japanese economy. Even though some positive effects were followed by the disaster as some researchers advocated, they have an insignificant effect on the economy because of its tremendous damages which is considered to be one of the top five largest earthquakes in the world.Because it did not only inflict damages to ives and properties but also caused cruci al damages to major nuclear plant stations, this is the most difficult crisis Japan has ever faced after World War II. From my perspective, Japanese government needs to have a more effective growth strategy to increase productivity since the workforce is decreasing. It needs to enhance efficient flow for workforce and capital. For instance, ease the regulation restriction for the workforce, and encourage the diversification on human resources. It is significant that government help to reform the active business activities for Japanese economy recovery.

Issuing Debt and Bond Valuation Essay

1. Internally generated funds and stock issuances are available for for-profit and internally generated funds, philanthropy, government grants, and sale of real estate are available to not-for-profit health care providers to increase their equity position. 2. The advantages of a taxpaying entity in issuing debt are fixed debt service payments, fixed interest rate, no risk ha investor sells bond back, and no leer of credit needed, while disadvantages are higher issuance expenses, may result in higher interest cost over life of loan, no refunds for bonds, unstable deb service payments, and decline in cash flow if interest rates increase. 3. Debenture is an unsecured bond, which is not backed by specific assets of the organization; so, it carries higher risk with a high interest rate. On the other hand, subordinated debenture is an unsecured bond that is junior to debenture bonds. In a case of default, the bondholders are paid first. 4. An investment banker syndicate a bond issue with other investment bankers to work as an underwriter for private placements to sell to a particular institution or group of institutions (banks, pension funds, or insurance companies). 5. $1,000 zero coupon bond with a 20-year maturity has a market price of $311.80. Rate of return = (1000 / 311.80)^(1/20) = 1.7 1000 / 311.80 tells you how many times the money multiplies over 20 years. 6. A tax-exempt bond was recently issued at an annual 8 percent coupon rate and matures 20 years from today. The par value of the bond is $1,000. 7. If required market rates are 8 percent, the market price of the bond = $80 x PVFA (0.08,20) + $1000 x PVF (0.08, 20) = $80 x 9.8181 + $1000 x 0.2145 = $1000 8. If required market rates fall to 5 percent, the market price of the bond = $80 x (0.08,20) + $1000 x (0.05,20) = $750 9. Charles City Hospital plans on issuing a tax-exempt bond at the bond are $1,000. 10. If required market rates are 6 percent, the value of the bond= 60 x PVFA (0.06,1)+1000 x PVF (0.06,1)= 60 x 0.943 + 1000 x 0.943=$996.4 11. If required market rates fall to 12 percent, the value of the bond=120 x PVFA (0.12,1) + 1000 x PVF (0.12,1) = 120 x 0.892 + 1000 x 0.892 = $ 996.8 12. Since 3 percent, 6 percent, and 12 percent values are lower than $1000. They are sold at a discount. 13. Option#1 Device cost 400,000 Useful value 5 Yearly Depreciation 80,000,00 Interest rate 15% Loan period 5 Loan yearly installments 119,326.22 Option#2 Lease Yearly Payment $80,000.00 Difference between loan & Lease $39,326.22 Tax Saving=Yearly Depreciation X 40% =$32,000.00=$400,000/5 years X Tax % After tax cost of debt $3,539.00 interest component X after tax rate 9% Total saving from option#1 $35,539.00 Option #1 (Borrowing) $83,787.22 Option#2 (Leasing) $80,000.00 Therefore, Mercy medical mega center should lease the surgical device because the total cost will be less than to borrow the money to purchase the device.

Obesity A Global Public Health Concern - 1420 Words

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