Philosophy of language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Philosophy of language - Essay Example Traditionally, opponents of the CTP have held that the statement â€Å"that appears/seems red† is reserved for situations in which there is reasonable doubt in an individual’s mind regarding whether something is truly red or otherwise. In that sense, part of the meaning inherent in â€Å"that appears/seems red† is attributable to the doubt in the speaker’s mind concerning whether something is red. Consequently, it would be inappropriate, and quite rightly so, to suggest that there is any ounce of doubt regarding whether something is red and it is false that anything â€Å"appears/looks/seems red† when one sees something red. For that reason, critics of the CTP have argued that seeing red cannot be analysed in causal terms, that is, in terms of it being caused to be in a manner in which an entity â€Å"looks/appears/seems† red. In 1961, Herbert Paul Grice, notable for his pioneering work in the philosophy of language, came to the defense of CT P; this paper explains the manner in which Grice employed his notion of implicature in defense of the Causal Theory of Perception. Grice published an article in which he distinguished between what is meant (what is said) and what is implied (implicated) (Bardzokas 2010, p.114); basically, Grice argues that in saying â€Å"that appears/seems/looks red†, one may implicate that something is not really red but does not out rightly refute that something is red or mean it is not really red. According to Grice, it is actually possible that one who says â€Å"that looks/seems/appears red† sees something red and it could also be that they see something that seems red to them (even if otherwise). If to say â€Å"that appears red† implicates that something may not necessarily be red, it is contradictory to say â€Å"that appears red, and it is red†; Grice posits that the implication that a thing is not really red can be explicitly cancelled out. Consequently, if the implicatum of what a speaker says

Education Business Partnership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Education Business Partnership - Essay Example Schools on the other hand supported the initiative unanimously. At the time of the bid, Newham was the most deprived local authority in England, and deprivation in three of the wards in the zone was worse than elsewhere in the Borough. Consequently the aim of this paper is to assess the effectiveness of partnership and the quality and impact on education in Newham. Burke J (1995) By establishing a strong working relationship with a wide range of partners. The business partners are committed to improving education in the area and also making a vital contribution to the zone's work. Schools are frequently working in clusters and as a result head teachers and governors are increasingly responsible for deciding how the zone's resources should be used. This has led to an increase in the number of initiatives, despite justifiable complaints from teachers that there are already too many. Although communications between clusters are not as good as they should be, attainment is improving at a better rate than elsewhere in the country, even if results remain well below national averages in external examinations for 16-year-olds. This improvement is, in part, the result of zone initiatives. Buss D (1995) Attendance is now close to the national average in primary schools and teachers are confident about the improvement in behavior that has been achieved substantially by the zone initiatives. At the secondary school attendance is improving, even among pupils with a history of persistent absenteeism. Green away D & Tuck J (undated) Professional development includes training in lesson observation, and this is improving the quality of teaching and learning in general. Attainment in ICT has improved because teachers are better trained and pupils have access to more and better equipment. At first the activities to promote social inclusion were unsuccessful but the new arrangements are having more impact. Modest expenditure on the arts has raised standards and improved pupils' attitudes to education. Zone support for its one secondary school has been substantial and helped move it out of special measures. Buss D (1995) Increased Enrolment Over recent years there has been a significant change in the population of the area, with a growth in the number of families of minority ethnic background and of refugees and asylum-seekers. One zone school, for example, has over 60 languages represented. At the same time there has been substantial regeneration, including a new exhibition centre and housing redevelopment, bringing with it a mix of residents. From the outset the zone included two nurseries, one infant, 16 primary, and one secondary school. Three of the primaries are church schools. A new primary school, Britannia Village, was added in June 2000, shortly after it opened. Burke J (1995 At the time of the bid three of the primary schools and the secondary school were in special measures and one primary school was judged by its inspection to have serious weaknesses. At the time of the inspection three different schools were in special measures and four had been judged to have serious weaknesses. When the zone started, attainment in its schools was below the national average but broadly in line with those in other LEA schools for pupils aged seven. At ages 11, 14 and 16 attainment was

Impact of Brexit on Cross-Cultural Management Practices

Impact of Brexit on Cross-Cultural Management Practices Critically analyse the long-term impact of Brexit for cross-cultural management practices in Europe. Consider the impact and issues for businesses from both the UK and other EU-partner perspectives. On 23rd of June 2016, United Kingdom (UK) had held Brexit referendum in desire of leaving European Union (EU) (Ford and Goodwin, 2017). The outcome of the referendum was 51.9% of British citizens voted leave EU, whilst 48.1% had voted to remain within EU (Hunt and Wheeler, 2017). The verdict of referendum to withdraw from the membership of EU, will have a huge impact to the country’s cross cultural relationship with the prime trade partner EU. This assignment has been prepared to critically analyse the long-term impacts of Brexit for cross-cultural management practices; the focus will be on the UK healthcare sector and how they will be enforced to cultural change, (Mundasad, 2017). Following onto UK banking sector and finishing off with summary on the impact of UK airline industry within EU. This essay will start off by an introduction regarding about the UK’s healthcare sector which will be the main focus of the essay; following on with brief implications on the UK banking sector and Low cost Airline industry. Describing how the healthcare sector will be hugely impacted by losing highly trained staff after Brexit, as majority of the nurses and doctors come from the EU to join UK’s healthcare sector. Furthermore this essay will analyse and identify the major impacts of cross culture management after Brexit. The main three effects of Brexit in the long run will be in regards to international staffing which includes: ‘immigration’,‘re-expatriation’ and ‘labour market’. These three difficulties will be linked to the long term impacts of Brexit and on the global staffing issue, this will be backed up with models to interpret and recognise the disputes. The word Brexit has been used throughout media and is a media terminology which has been used to show the exit of UK from EU. ‘Brexit’ has been created by combining two of the initial words of Britain with the word exit (James, 2016). The main question that was brought up to British citizens for the referendum was: â€Å"Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union or leave the European Union?† (Green, 2017).   The parliament gave the option for the public to decide whether it is best to leave EU, knowing the fact that the general public had no knowledge on the long-term impacts of Brexit and how it will bring challenges for the upcoming generations.  Ã‚   One of the challenges for Brexit that will impact the health care sector is global staffing that will be ‘immigration’. Before Brexit, UK was part of the EU and participated within the EU’s policies in relation to free movement of people. This allowed the healthcare sector to recruit their employees from any country within EU and permitted the citizens to move freely between EU and UK so they could work and live in their desired place. The latest statistics shows that the healthcare sector, has roughly around 55,000 recruits which come from EU countries (Fenton, 2016).   Conversely, because of the impact of Brexit there is a vulnerability that the privilege to freedom of movement would still relate to the EU citizens (Rankin, 2016). Many of the employees who work within the healthcare sector are categorised as ‘third-country nationals’ on their applications, these employees are mainly on a work visa in the UK.   However, after Brexit things will change and many of these ‘third-country nationals’ would be hugely impacted than the EU citizens that work in UK (Barnard, 2017). Because of this, the effects on global staffing of talent and ability planning within the healthcare sector occurs. Knowing that the implication of Brexit will lead to immigration issues, causing staff shortage within different industries, the healthcare sector should look into this matter and decide on different recruitment procedures whether they should make or buy the skilled force. Altogether, for a short period of time it will be best for the healthcare sector to make their talent rather than buying. It is smarter for the healthcare sector to concentrate on the internal labour markets after Brexit, on the grounds that this will build the dedication of employees in the job they do and giving them greater security so that they do not fear the consequences of Brexit. Since the matter of Brexit arose, the healthcare sector would in any case still want to keep their staff, as majority of these are EU national staff and are usually doctors or nurses that are highly skilled and qualified to serve the people of UK. For the healthcare sector to avoid any negative consequences which will begin to impact after the negotiations and agreement of Brexit, they should prepare themselves beforehand in regards to handling the workforce and retaining employees. Another challenge of Brexit that impacts the healthcare sector is ‘flexible to labour market’. The meaning of this is that the organisations have more freedom to hire and provide contracts to employees when the demands of work increases, and they have the power to fire the workers when demand of work decreases. On the other hand, healthcare sector has been in stress many times because of shortage in staff to fulfil the needs and providing service to the citizens of UK (Mundasad, 2017). Besides, the verdict of referendum could prompt to having a bigger number of issues than before on recruiting workers in the healthcare sector as majority of these workers are doctors and nurses who are recruited from EU nations (Triggle, 2016). When non-EU nationals apply to work within UK, they have to follow the ‘points-based system’ which causes difficulties in recruiting employees other than EU nationals (Landou, 2016). Once the Brexit is settled, there will be a risk off EU’s freedom of movement to be removed and this could cause huge implications on the healthcare sector as this will put on boundaries on recruiting employees, therefore this will lead to a huge deficiency of workers. These implications will affect the capacity of the employees who bring the right skills and abilities that is required by the healthcare sector. Therefore, to beat this issue it will be best for the healthcare sector to send their employees on an international project so they could develop on their skills and knowledge. The final implication after Brexit for the healthcare sector is ‘re-expatriation’, where the organisation will need to take to think through. The issues about freedom of movement as specified above, British residents who have decided to work and live in another country within Europe will fear their healthcare and right to remain will vanish post-Brexit (Carroll, 2016). Furthermore, British expats who work abroad within the EU could face difficulties if the country they’re at ask the expats to comply and act upon their prohibitive guidelines with regards to licenses, permits and setting up firms. Therefore, this could cause them in losing their right to work in EU countries and will need to gain a permitted stay to continue staying within the EU area because of the new policy that may be applied after Brexit. Thus, the effects of global staffing within the healthcare sector will be influenced. Conversely, if all the UK expats that live and work within EU nations are to return back to the UK following the post-Brexit, then it is conceivable that it will make it more difficult for new expats to look for some kind of employment within UK (Burton, 2016). Furthermore, the UK expats who work and live within the EU nations are entitled to free healthcare service but once Brexit is completed and agreed this will be affected and the right for free healthcare could be taken away (Parfitt, 2016). Expatriates give a lot of benefits to the firms which incorporates more prominent parent control and the right sets of aptitudes. It is believed that this is seen to provide greater prospects for personal and career development. With the post-Brexit, the expats are disturbed on playing out their parts and tasks bringing about the disappointment of expatriates. Precisely, re-expatriations will have complications on adjusting themselves when they return to UK. For instance, after the referendum and agreements majority of the expats will be required to return back to their birth country which will have an impact on culture, causing an experience of reverse culture shock by getting a habit of working and adjusting their life in the foreign country they have been sent to work at (Skyes, 2011). Therefore, this will cause the healthcare sector to experience a huge loss on collaboration and investments on expats who are sent to work from different EU countries. Overall, ‘re-expatriation’ will be a big test within the healthcare sector after Brexit primarily looking at the employment and managing role. Additionally, the healthcare sector should look into these long term impacts that have been mentioned above and plan into the future so they could avoid the consequences of managing global staff after Brexit. Now there will be analysis regarding about the banking sector and how Brexit will impact the cross cultural management style. The banking sector is a big sector within the EU and UK, majority of the UK banks work across EU and other international countries such as China and Japan as it is cheaper for non-EU countries to collaborate and work with EU countries rather than individual countries. The main impact on the UK banking sector will be in regards to the loss of â€Å"passporting rights†, a recent report has shown that almost 5,500 organisations in UK mainly rely on the passporting so that they could do business with the EU nations, and over 8,000 organisations of EU rely on passporting for trade with UK (Toptal Finance Blog, 2017). Majority of the banks within the UK are known for working cross-border to provide banking services to people across the globe. With regards to these services, the UK banks cover the needs of borrowing of the firms in various nations; thus, by losing the ‘passporting right’, it will hugely impact the banking sector and will be a challenge to overcome as they will have to terminate their cooperation’s with overseas consumers, a reality that could undermine the banks’ dependability in the market (Ford and Goodwin, 2017; Walsh, 2017). Hence, the banks will suffer a big loss towards cross-border collaboration and investments; so it will be a challenge to bring this up in the negotiations towards Brexit, however UK is leaving the EU so there will be less goodwill towards the negotiations and it will be tough. UK might have two options either to use the Swiss-style or the Norwegian way for Britain to benefit the passporting trade. Therefore the banking sector will need to look into this matter and come up with a solution so that they do not lose their overseas consumers. Ashurst (2016) clarified that the UK banks signifies high percentage of activities with regards to cross-cultural services. The activities are depended on the EU legislations. When the legislations are modernised and amended after Brexit, it could terminate the activities of the banks, this impact would be very hard to be overseen and managed, in both areas of lawful and as of its financial aspects (Ashurst, 2016). Simultaneously, the volume of bad loan under the impact of Brexit is predicted to be profoundly enlarged. The statistics shows that these loans in 2017, was expected to reach up to  £6.9 billion and in 2018 to reach up at  £9.7 billion; this impact will increase the loans by  £2.8 billion within one year (Gros, 2016). The Bank of England had made an announcement on March 2017, warning the banks within UK that they should be well prepared in the case of severe turbulence with the UK’s economy due to the Brexit outcomes; the Bank of England described the turbulences as â€Å"knee-jerk reactions† (Burton, 2017).   This statement that the Bank of England has stated has a negative connotation, they are giving a warning to banks that there will be sudden change within the economy and there will be no time to think about a solution because we do not know what the outcome will turn out to be. The UK is still undergoing their bill with negotiations, this bill will cover all the issues of Brexit and how UK could overcome it by EU been lenient to the bill, however it is predicted that this will cost the UK between  £66 and  £111 billion to complete the process (Lowe, 2017). Furthermore, the foreign investments within the UK business industry has been predicted to reduce by 25% by 2019, because of Brexit effect (Cox et al., 2017). This figure includes one of the Brexit cost. A survey conducted amongst the UK’s most influential businesses have exposed that the impact of Brexit on businesses within UK have been negative by far (Ross & Meakin, 2017). At the moment only in the result of the verdict UK have had negative effects on businesses but when the negotiations have been completed and Brexit is finalised this will severely impact the UK’s economy. Conversely, it is believed that the exit of EU will benefit the UK but in the long term. As the withdrawal from EU nations could potentially increase the UK’s economy as UK will not be included to contribute towards the EU’s assets and expenses. For instance, in 2016 UK had given an amount of  £13.2 billion to EU for the expenses and assets (Begg, 2017). But this benefit to Brexit on UK will take a while to appear. Certainly, UK’s growth has been predicted to be 1.6% in 2018 from 2% in 2017 having a decrease (Kottasova, 2017). PWC a leading accounting firm has produced a report, which the Bank of England has anticipated that they would avoid making any changes to Britain’s financial regulatory policy for a certain amount of time, mainly up until they get closer to the progression of Brexit negotiations (PWC, 2017). In conclusion Brexit will cause several implications on UK, both in a positive and negative scopes. Mainly in the context of economy, as there will be a potential increase of UK to do trade with other countries around the globe as the restrictions to legislations provided by EU will not be applied in UK. However, the Bill may create traffics and barriers between UK and EU trade and would potentially decrease the advantages of UK’s trade liberalisation. Simultaneously, the power of UK to make critical decisions on issues such as immigration, introduction of economy restrictions and involvement with conflicts around the globe would be unconditional. Additionally, it cannot be determined whether the full independency of UK from the rules of EU will be a condition of ‘hard’ Brexit or ‘soft’, if ‘hard’ Brexit is opted then this could potentially be dangerous for UK in several ways, mainly with the issues that have been analysed above. As a matter of fact, the aspects of UK’s economic, political and social environment has created awareness that the benefits of Brexit to the UK is virtually the same to it disadvantages. Therefore, with this nature the accomplishment of ‘soft’ Brexit through the negotiations should be the main aim for the UK’s government so that they could avoid complications in the future. Reference list: Ashurst (2016) Brexit: the potential impact on the UK’s banking industry. (Online). Available at: https://www.ashurst.com/en/news-and-insights/insights/brexit-potential-impact-on-the-uk-banking-industry/ (Accessed 12 Dec 2017). Barnard, C., 2017. Law and Brexit. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 33(suppl_1), pp.S4-S11. Begg, I. (2017) How Much Will Brexit Cost? Chatham House. (Online). Available at: https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/how-much-will-brexit-cost [Accessed 19 Dec 2017]. Burton, L. (2017) Bank of England warns lenders against knee-jerk Brexit reactions. The Telegraph. (Online). Available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2017/03/27/bank-england-check-banks-ready-range-brexit-outcomes/ Burton, L. (2016). Brexit: What does it mean for expats, here and in the EU? BBC News. (Online) BBC News. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-36606847 (Accessed 17 Dec. 2017). Carroll, L. (2016). It terrifies me: Britons in Europe on how Brexit is going to affect them. (Online) the guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/dec/15/britons-expats-europe-how-brexit-affect-them (Accessed 18 Dec. 2017). Cox, J., Chu, B. and Rodionova, Z. (2017) Cost of Brexit: The impact on business and the economy so far. Independent. (Online). Available at: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/brexit-economy-sterling-currency-investment-cost-impact-business-financial-banks-insurance-retail-a7695486.html [Accessed 18 Dec 2017]. Fenton, S. (2016). The government has admitted the NHS could struggle without EU staff following Brexit. (Online) The Independent. Available at: http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/nhs-could-struggle-post-brexit-without-eu-citizen-staff-department-of-health-officials-admit-a7204551.html (Accessed 15 Dec. 2017). Ford, R. and Goodwin, M. (2017) Britain after Brexit.  Journal of Democracy, 28(1), pp.17-30. Green, D. (2017) The tale of the Brexit referendum question. Financial Times. (Online). Available at: https://www.ft.com/content/b56b2b36-1835-37c6-8152-b175cf077ae8 (Accessed 10 Dec 2017). Gros, D. (2016) How would Brexit affect finance for SMEs? (Online). Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/small-business-network/2016/apr/05/how-would-brexit-affect-finance-for-smes [Accessed 18 Dec 2017]. Hunt, A. and Wheeler, B. (2017) Brexit: All you need to know about the UK leaving the EU. BBC News. (Online). Available at: http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-32810887 (Accessed 11 December 2017). James, C. (2016) Brexit: What now for Study Mobility between the UK and the EU? Pà ©cs Journal of International and European Law, 2, pp.7-20. Kottasova, I. (2017) What Brexit will cost Britain: More debt, weaker growth and a final bill. CNN Money. (Online). Available at: http://money.cnn.com/2017/03/29/news/economy/brexit-article-50-cost-economy-debt/index.html [Accessed 19 Dec 2017]. Landou, P. (2016). Would Brexit make it harder to hire EU workers?. (online) the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/small-business-network/2016/mar/29/would-brexit-make-harder-hire-eu-workers-referendum (Accessed 16 Dec. 2017). Lowe, J. (2017) How Much Will Brexit Cost? U.K. Conservatives Put Brexit Settlement in Manifesto. Newsweek. (Online). Available at: http://www.newsweek.com/brexit-eu-uk-conservative-party-manifesto-2017-how-much-will-brexit-cost-611677 [Accessed 19 Dec 2017]. Mundasad, S. (2017). NHS staff shortages: Why so persistent? BBC News. (Online) BBC News. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-38640068 (Accessed 14 Dec. 2017). Parfitt, T. (2016). Expats in Spain could LOSE right to free healthcare after Brexit vote, PM says. (Online) Express.co.uk. Available at: http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/683708/expats-Brexit-EU-referendum-Spain-Mariano-Rajoy-Jean-Claude-Juncker (Accessed 17 Dec. 2017). PWC (2017) Brexit – Global Insights. (Online). Available at: https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/issues/brexit.html [Accessed 19 Dec 2017]. Rankin, J. (2016). Freedom of movement: the wedge that will split Britain from Europe. (Online) the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/oct/06/freedom-of-movement-eu-uk-brexit-negotiations-theresa-may (Accessed 15 Dec. 2017). Ross, T. and Meakin, L. (2017) U.K. Business Says Brexit Already Having a Negative Effect. Bloomberg. (Online). Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-02-06/u-k-business-says-brexit-is-already-having-a-negative-effect [Accessed 19 Dec 2017]. Skyes, A. (2011). Reverse culture shock: What, when, and how to cope. (Online) Expatica.com. Available at: http://www.expatica.com/nl/moving-to/Moving-home-Reverse-culture-shock_104957.html (Accessed 19 Dec. 2017). Toptal Finance Blog. (2017). The Impact of Brexit on the Financial Services Sector. [Online] Available at: https://www.toptal.com/finance/market-research-analysts/brexit-and-its-effect-on-the-uk-european-and-global-financial-sector [Accessed 19 Dec. 2017]. Triggle, N. (2016). Brexit will make NHS staff shortages worse BBC News. (Online) BBC News. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-36664094 (Accessed 16 Dec. 2017).

Texas City Disaster: a Painful Way to Learn Essay -- Hazardous Materia

Texas City Disaster: a Painful Way to Learn In the bright, clear, spring morning of April 16, 1947, an event occurred in the Texas City Harbor in Texas City. To the survivors of this disaster, what happened on that Sunday morning was like the end of the world. Sadly, to those who did not make it, this indeed became the end of their world. This event that brings unforgettable painful memories from 50 years ago is referred to as the Texas City disaster. It all began with the French cargo ship, S.S. Grandcamp, a 437-foot ship that arrived at Texas City Harbor on April 11, 1947. Upon arrival, the Grandcamp was already loaded with 16 cases of small arms ammunition, 59000 bales of sisal binder twine, 380 bales of cotton, 9334 bags of shelled peanuts and some oil field, refrigeration and farm machinery. Over the next few days, bags of ammonium nitrate fertilizer, shipped from Nebraska via rail by TCT (Texas City Terminal Railway company) were being loaded onto the ship. By the morning of April 16, 1947, No. 2 hold had 1420 tons of ammonium nitrate while No. 4 had 880 tons. At 8 am that morning, a longshoreman smelled smoke coming out of hold No. 4. He alertly notified his co-workers and they moved several bags of ammonium nitrate fertilizer and found flames between the cargo and the hull. They tried putting out the fire with a jug of drinking water and fire extinguisher but their effort ended in vain while the flame got worse. Some crewmembers started hauling boxes of arm ammunition out of hold No. 5 (to avoid explosion!) In hold No. 4, some crewmembers called for a hose line to distinguish the fire but the ship captain, Charles de Guillebon, interfered because he did not want water to ruin his precious cargo. Instead, he or... ...gineer in the chemical plant is not like to be committed again. 50 years and 6 months after the Texas City disaster, a lot of changes has been made to ensure the safety of handling hazardous material due to the disaster. It was a wake up call for people around the world to look deeply into the safety issues and for government to assume an active role in enforcing those issues. For the residents in Texas City who decided to stay and rebuild after the disaster, it was more than a wake up call for safety. It was a painful memory that made people even stronger. It was a call for the community to come together and make Texas city a major industrial center again. It was a joint effort to make Texas City a better and safer place to live. However, watch out! No place is safe enough and Texas City disaster can very well strike again somewhere around the world today!

Food Allergies

Food allergy is a reaction from the response of the immune system. It is a reaction to fight the harmful ingredient in the food. Food allergies vary between infants, children, and adults. The sign and symptoms for food allergies can show reactions that are minor to severe. Treatment for food allergies depend on the signs and symptoms. In infants and young children, they have reactions to milk or soy milk if they are allergic to it. Allergies to milk or soy formula (a milk substitute made from soybeans) sometimes occur in infants and young children. These early allergies sometimes do not involve the usual hives or asthma but rather can cause symptoms resembling infantile colic, and perhaps blood in the stool, or poor growth† (Stoppler). The reaction of food allergy in infants is monitored to see if there are any changes in the infants’ diet. The symptoms for children and adults are somewhat similar but with a different pattern.According to Stoppler: In adults, the most co mmon foods that cause allergic reactions are shellfish, such as shrimp, crayfish, lobster, and crab; nuts from trees, such as walnuts; fish; eggs; and peanuts, a legume that is one of the chief foods that cause serious anaphylactic reactions. In children, the most common foods that cause allergic reactions are eggs, milk, peanuts, and fruits, particularly tomatoes and strawberries. Children sometimes outgrow their allergies, but adults usually do not lose theirs. Food allergies happen when the body takes in food with an ingredient that the body cannot handle. It occurs when the body mistakes an ingredient in food – usually a protein – as harmful and creates a defense system (antibodies) to fight it. Food allergy symptoms develop when the antibodies are battling the â€Å"invading† food† (WebMD, Feb 2009). Some people form allergies to peanuts, tree nuts, fish, shellfish, milk, eggs, soy products, wheat and other products. Food allergies can be mistake for food intolerance. Food intolerance is a response by the digestive system. â€Å"It occurs when something in a food irritates a person’s digestive system or when a person is unable to properly digest or breakdown, the food.Intolerance to lactose, which is found in milk and other dairy products, is the most common food intolerance† (WebMD, Feb 2009). Food intolerance somewhat resembles to food allergies. â€Å"Food intolerance, however, is far more prevalent, occurs in a variety of diseases, and is triggered by several different mechanisms that are distinct from the immunological reaction responsible for food allergy† (Stoppler). Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening reaction for food allergies. â€Å"Anaphylaxis is a severe, whole-body allergic reaction to a chemical that has become an allergen† (MedlinePlus).The signs and symptoms for food allergies vary from minor to severe reactions. It also depends on how much food was consumed for it to trigger the reacti on and time. â€Å"All of the symptoms of food allergy occur within few minutes to an hour of eating† (Stoppler). Some symptoms are rashes, hives, nausea, stomach pain, diarrhea, itchy skin, shortness of breath, chest pain, swelling of the airways to the lungs, and anaphylaxis. The allergic reaction occurs in various ways. â€Å"A food allergy can initially be experienced as an itching in the mouth and difficulty swallowing and breathing.Then, during digestion of the food in the stomach and intestines, symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain can start. Incidentally, the gastrointestinal symptoms of food allergy are those that are most often confused with the symptoms of different types of food intolerance† (Stoppler). The symptoms for food intolerance are nausea, stomach pain, gas, cramps, or bloating, vomiting, heartburn, diarrhea, headaches, irritability, and/or nervousness. One of the severe reactions is anaphylaxis. It is a life-threatening type of allergic reaction. Anaphylactic reactions are severe even when they start off with mild symptoms, such as a tingling in the mouth and throat or discomfort in the abdomen. They can be fatal if not treated quickly† (Stoppler). The symptoms occur from within seconds or minutes. The symptoms are abdominal pain or cramping, abnormal (high-pitched) breathing sounds, anxiety, confusion, cough, diarrhea, difficulty breathing, difficulty swallowing, fainting, light-headedness, dizziness, hives, itchiness, nasal congestion, nausea, vomiting, palpitations, skin redness, slurred speech, and wheezing.The signs for anaphylaxis are abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia), fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema), hives, low blood pressure, mental confusion, rapid pulse, skin that is blue from lack of oxygen or pale from shock, swelling (angioedema) in the throat that may be severe enough to block the airway, swelling of the eyes and/or eyes, weakness, and wheezing. Treatment for food allergie s are based on the signs and symptoms if the reaction is mild or severe. One needs to start with avoiding the food that triggers the allergen.If the food is avoided, the allergic reaction is avoided. â€Å"Avoiding the offending allergen in the diet is the primary treatment of food allergy. Once a food to which the patient is sensitive has been identified, the food must be removed from the diet† (Stoppler). For those who have mild allergies, nonprescription antihistamine could possibly control the symptoms. If nonprescription antihistamine doesn’t work then a prescribed antihistamine may need to be taken. For severe reactions, one could be treated in the emergency room or be treated by an epinephrine shot.According to WebMD, â€Å"Food Allergies-Treatment Overview†: If you have a severe allergic reaction, your initial treatment may be done in an emergency room or by emergency personnel. You will be given a shot of epinephrine to stop the further release of hista mine and to relax the muscles that help you breathe. You will then be prescribed an allergy kit that contains a syringe of epinephrine and antihistamine tablets. Epinephrine is administered through an auto-injector. It is also known as EpiPen. It is also a treatment to anaphylaxis.According to Stoppler: These individuals also always should carry a syringe of adrenaline (epinephrine [EpiPen]), obtained by prescription from their doctors, and be prepared to self-administer it if they think they are developing an allergic reaction. They then should immediately seek medical help by either calling the rescue squad or having themselves transported to an emergency room. Food allergies can be rated mild to severe in reaction. The reactions can be similar in children and adults but it depends on the time and what food was eaten and how much of it was eaten. Signs and symptoms vary from each person.Food allergies can be mistaken sometimes for food intolerance, food poisoning, and toxic reacti ons. The treatment as well depends on the severity of the reaction if it is a mild reaction to a severe reaction.Works Cited â€Å"Anaphylaxis. † MedlinePlus. 02 May 2010. Web. 22 Oct 2010. <http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000817. htm>. â€Å"Food Allergies-Treatment Overview. † WebMD. 09 Mar 2009. Web. 1 Nov 2010. <http://www. webmd. com/allergies/tc/food-allergies-treatment-overview>. â€Å"Is It a Food Allergy or Intolerance? † WebMD. 05 Feb 2009. Web. 22 Oct 2010.

Abstract-writing guidelines Essay

An abstract allows the author to communicate to his audience the critical information of his original research in a concise manner. Foote (2006) and December and Katz (nd) recommend that in writing a good abstract, it should contain four elements – background or objectives, methods, results and conclusion. The background highlights the research questions and/or hypotheses, the methods describe the study population, data gathering techniques and statistical analysis. The results indicate the most pertinent findings and should contain actual data (Maughan 2001) and illustrative examples. The conclusion summarizes the findings and implications of the study (Rooryck & van Heuven 2003). The abstract should be between 100 and 250 words (Foote 2006, Shannon 2000, Guidelines for writing an abstract n. d. ) and should never be longer than a page (Rooryck & van Heuven 2003). Staiger (1965) suggests that a good abstract can have as little as 150 words once the information is concisely presented. Shannon (2000) and December and Katz (n. d. ) advise that nonessential information such as literature reviews should be avoided. In terms of style only common abbreviations should be used and only minimally (Foote 2006, Shannon 2000) and jargons should not be used (Maughan 2001). The future tense, adverbs and adjectives should also be avoided. The text should flow and be intelligible and easily comprehended by non-specialists and international readers. Abstract The traditional pattern of negotiation and placing of insurance risk between brokers and underwriters follows a face-to-face and paper approach but the new electronic placing system (EPS) is available to allow for submitting, transmitting and negotiating risks and processing claims electronically. This study explores the reasons for introducing, causes for the slow adoption and resistance to the implementation of the EPS systems. In a longitudinal research between 1993 and 1996, we surveyed 94 senior Market management, IT directors and staff, brokers and underwriters in the London Insurance Market using semi-structured interviews, observations of insurance risk placement work practices along with resource reviews. Reasons for introducing, delaying or resisting EPS introduction were copied verbatim and categorized based on its impact on work transformation or professional identity in the workplace. EPS was implemented because of the benefits of productivity, efficiency, speed and cost, its capability to facilitate simultaneous risk transmissions and potential to broaden job horizons. Reasons for resisting or delaying introduction of EPS were the resulting minimization of client, broker and underwriter interaction, the EPS’ inability to transmit supporting customer documents to potential underwriters and its potential to undermine the professional role and identity of brokers and underwriters and to worsen employment conditions and job satisfaction. Brokers also saw EPS as a potential threat to their employment security. There is resistance to technological change in the London Insurance Market and failure to adopt these technologies. EPS challenges the traditional mode of operation. We recommend that there be a balance between the use of computer technologies and traditional methodologies. References December, J. & Katz, S. nd, ‘What is an abstract’ The writing center, [Online] Available at: http://www. rpi. edu/web/writingcenter/abstracts. html Foote, M. 2006, ‘Some concrete ideas about manuscript abstracts’, Chest, vol. 129, no. 5, p. 1375-1377. ‘Guidelines for writing an abstract’, Sigma Theta Tau, International, [Online] Available at: http://www. umassd. edu/nursing/theta_kappa/research_committee/guidelines_abstract. doc Maughan, R. 2001, ‘Editorial: abstract thoughts’, Journal of Sports Sciences, vol. 19, no. 5, p. 305. Rooryck, Johan & van Heuven, V. 2003, ‘Guidelines for writing abstracts’, Leiden University, [Online] Available at: http://www. unc. edu/linguistics/confinfo_files/hil-tips. pdf Shannon, S. 2000, ‘Writing a structured abstract’, Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal, vol. 51, no. 6, p. 328-329. Staiger, D. L. 1965, ‘What today’s students need to know about writing abstracts’, Journal of Business Communication, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 29-33. Walsham, G. 2001, Making a world of difference: IT in a global context, Wiley, Chichester, pp. 150-160.

Symbolism in the Scarlet Lette essays

Symbolism in the Scarlet Lette essays The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne uses objects, events and people to show meaning within the novel. The symbolism is used to serve as a representation of the mistakes that Hester Prynne made in her life and to mark her development through life. Hawthornes abundant use of symbolism is used to enhance the novel and leave the ending up to the readers imagination. The scaffold, the forest and sunlight, the letter A, and Hesters daughter Pearl all take on larger meanings as the book progresses. Many of the important symbols in The Scarlet Letter are associated with the setting. For instance, the main characters Hester Prynne, Pearl, Roger Chillingsworth, and Reverend Dimmesdale come together on the scaffold three times. The embarrassment that occurs all three times is supposed to punish Hester and make her repent of her sins, but it does not. The scaffold also represents open acknowledgement of sin. Both Hester and Reverend Dimmesdale confessed their sins to the public on the scaffold. To Dimmesdale, the scaffold represents the only place he can go to escape Chillingsworth. The forest and sunlight represent good and evil or light verses darkness. When Hester and Pearl were walking through the woods the sunlight appeared to run away from Hester. The sunlight represents purity, which is a quality Hester struggles to reach daily. The vanishing of the light represents the societys constant denial of Hesters acceptance because of her sin. The dark forest is symbolic of the world of darkness or evil. In the time period in which this novel takes place, the Puritans viewed the forest as an evil place where witches were. The forest also symbolizes a moral wilderness in which Hester has been lost in for years. The letter A is the most symbolic of all objects in The Scarlet Letter and changes meanings throughout the novel, showing the ...